Coral Reefs Essay -- Ecology Environment Environmental Essays

Coral ReefsCoral let downs be one of the oldest types of living systems on earth, and certainly one of the most spectacular (Goreau, 1987). They are massive underwater structures make by the limestone skeletons of tiny invertebrate animals. Reefs house a greater diversity of body images, chemistry, and animal phyla (thirty-two compared to the eight that inhabit the most biodiversity ecosystems on land). Phyla comprise the minute of arc largest category of living things, after kingdoms. Coral animals begin life as free-floating larvae, but settle on the sea floor in sedentary colonies. The frontier coral applies both to these animals and to their skeletons, particularly the skeletons of stone-like corals (Discover 1997). Many different organisms, including mollusks, sponges, and worms, help shape reefs, but hard corals and various algae are the major architects. In effect, the corals form limestone, because their skeletons are made of Calcium Carbonate. The skeletons deposited by these corals and other organisms accumulate, along with sand and other debris, to form the backbone of the reef. Over tens of thousands of years, chemical and mechanical changes turn the reef into true rock (Alstyne and Paul, 1988). The body of a coral animal consists of a polyp, which is the living portion of the coral. A polyp is a hollow, cylindrical structure link at one end to a surface, the other end is a m forbiddenh surrounded by tentacles, which gather food and can sting target area to paralyze it. Polyps live in colonies, which grow from 1 to 7 inches, depending on the species. Coral polyps are classified as animals. Microscopic algae live inside the animal tissues in a symbiotic relationship. The algae turn sunlight into carbon and sugars, which are then available to the polyp. In turn the polyp filters particles out of the water and excretes waste (nitrogen and phosphorus) that becomes available to the symbiotic algae. Its this very tight nutritive recycling with in the coral itself that allows these corals to live in very low nutrient waters. There are three kinds of reefs atolls, barrier reefs, and fringing reefs. Atolls are formed out in the middle of the ocean by volcanic subsidence, while fringing and barrier reefs form near continents. Florida contains both of these kinds of reefs, not as far offshore as Australias Great Barrier Reef, b... ...al life. Another way that corral growth is controlled is by the weather. all(a) of these are natural occurrences. This should not be confused with human use and disruption which does major harm.The fourth and final principle of sustainability is that biodiversity must be maintained. This is where we are playing a devastating role to the survival to the reefs. Through human waste and consumption time will only tell if they will survive. I hope that by reading this paper someday we can make a difference.Works CitedCoral Color. November 1997. Discover Magazine-Current Clips. P10Cousteau, J. Y. 1985. The Ocean World. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 174-175. Goreau, Thomas. distinguished 1987. Coral and Coral Parks. Scientific American. V11334-36Luoma, Jon R. Nov. 1996. Reef Madness Audubon. V98 n6. P24(3).Richmond, R. H. 1993. Coral Reefs Present problems and Future Concerns Resulting form Anthropogenic Disturbance. American Zoologist. V33 P524-536.Van Alstyne, K. L. and V. J. Paul. 1988. The Role of Secondary Metabolites in Marine Ecological Interactions. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia, Vol. 1.

Unwelcome Houseguests :: essays research papers fc

Unwelcome HouseguestsThe great country of America was founded by oodles of immigrants fleeing from Europe. The colored hands of immigrants working in America have touched our great railroads, magnificent buildings, and even the food we eat. However, times have changed, and with this change comes a new responsibility for America to control its borders and the people who pass through them. Not only are illegal immigrants invading our land, but they are shout out for employment and federal aid by rightss. Giving illegal immigrants the rights to drivers licenses, social security benefits, and employment rights is not only unfair to square citizens it is outright irresponsible. The immigration of illegal peoples, be it from South America, Europe, or Asia, into the United States has quickly become a growing problem. Illegal immigrants do not, and should not, have the right to obtain drivers licenses. By even entertaining the idea of giving them drivers licenses, the public is making i t seem as though it is okay to hop our borders and infest our country. Some activists argue that legally giving undocumented residents the right to drive will discourage them from carjacking and other crimes. However, the atomic number 53 most devastating act of terrorism on American soil could have been prevented by the denial of drivers licenses to illegals. Wodele writes, 19 airline hijackers well obtained drivers licenses to board planes that slammed into the World Trade Center and Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001 (2). Along with the potential danger, other dilemmas arise with the exponential arrival of unlawful peoples in our country.One of the biggest problems with illegal immigrants inhabiting our land is the tremendous strain they put on our national budget. According to Human Events, households headed by illegal aliens used $10 million more in government services than they paid in taxes in 2002 (22). Among the largest federal costs used by undocumented immigrants are Medicaid ($2.5 billion) treatment for the uninsurable ($2.2 billion) food assistance programs ($1.9 billion) the federal prison and court systems ($ 1.6 billion) and federal aid to schools ($1.4 billion) (Human Events, 22). With our national debt already rapidly increasing due to the ongoing war on terrorism, any money spent towards illegal immigrants is anything but helpful to our already fragile economy. However, illegals do help scratch the surface of the problems of the depleting funds of Medicare and Social protective covering by contributing with the little taxes they do pay.

The American Airline Industry Essay -- Business Management Studies Air

The American Airline IndustryThe Airline Industry is a super competitive industry with companiesoperating in domestic and/or international markets. Many airlines arestilled owned by their respective countries and have treaties betweencountries to kick airlines to land there. The industry has beentaking a relatively shaky course as costs are rising and profits havebeen decreasing. This was further step up with the recentterrorist attacks on US soil, which lead to higher costs as the needfor more security arose. Recent financial statements of major airlinesshowing major losses reflect the problems that the industry is having.Yet amidst the storm, some regional airlines such as Jet Blue Airlineshave managed to focus on specific markets and kept up(p) or increasedtheir profits. It is no doubt that Porters 5 forces of competitionare at play in this industry. These forces are the bane ofSubstitutes, Threat of sunrise(prenominal) Entrants, Competitive Rivalry, BargainingPower of Buye rs and Bargaining Power of Suppliers.Threat of SubstitutesThe airline industry has been plagued by rising costs resulting inpoor profits. The recess adversely affected the industry during thefirst half of 2001. This was intensified by the family unitember 11thattacks, when two airlines were crashed into the Twin Towers in NewYork City by terrorists killing everyone on board and demolishing thebuildings. This lead to an immediate reduction in air motive power ascustomers did not feel safe close to flying and an increase in the use ofother forms of transportation. Amtrak, a railway company, reported anincrease in passenger volume in the days pursuance the attacks. Thoughthis has leveled off as things returned to normal, rail travel is asubstitute for air travel that will be utilized by customers if theyare looking for for cheaper travel and if they are looking for a leisuretrip that would not be too time consuming. Automobiles are also a formof travel that is a substitute for ai r travel. This is especially thecase when a family is traveling as the costs are minimized andschedules coordinated on the travelers timetable.Threat of New EntrantsHistorically, entry into the market has been relatively easy forairline companies. When the economy was booming, people traveled morefor leisure and companies used this opportunity to enter th... ...aken from Hoovers Online)Revenues (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001US Airways 1903.0 2493.0American 4494.0 4816.0 southwestern United States 1391.2 1335.1Net Income (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001US Airways (248.0) (24.0)American (924.0) (414.0)Southwest 74.9 151.0Total Assets (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001US Airways 7705.0 9564.0American 31502.0 31840.0Southwest 8954.3 7994.9Total Debt (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001US Airways 10808.0 10106.0American 2899 1.0 25609.0Southwest 4631.6 4045.3EPS (in dollars) Sept 2002 Sept 2001US Airways (3.64) (.36)American (5.93) (2.68)Southwest .09 .19Revenue Passenger Miles Oct 2002 Oct 2001US Airways 2,965,753 2,802,967American 3,048,000 2,851,000Southwest 3,258,017 2,590,610Load Factor (%) Oct 2002 Oct 2001US Airways 66.9 61.7American 63.2 57.8Southwest 56.8 53.4

Alexander The Great: Shaping A World Essay -- essays research papers

horse parsley The Great was born in Macedonia in the family 356 B.C., several hundred eld before Christ and even before the rise of Rome. Despite this fact he is still a topic of preaching and study more than two millennium later for a plethora of reasons. His insight and ability on the field of battle has made him a burnished example of how to conduct the art of war. He has been studied for centuries by both military journals and colleges. He has also kept the scholars of this world as busy as intimately. His choices to build cities and centers for learning and the preservation of knowledge such as the library at Alexandria have been able to provide work for generations of archaeologists and other scholars. His image oer the years has been one that is almost impossible to describe. He has been cast as tyrant, alcoholic, and Christ figure.It is impossible to explore the later facets of black lovages life without at least glimpsing the years of his childhood and early adulthood . Born to Phillip II of Macedonia and Olympias, Alexander was heir to the throne of Macedonia. Probably the most important influence in his childly life was the tutoring he received from Aristotle and Leonidas starting around the age of thirteen. By Aristotle Alexander was imbued with an incredible background in science, literature, and rhetoric all of which would serve him well in the future. Though they did not always have like minds on subjects of policy it is clear that Alexander always kept his teachers musings in mind. Unfortunately his last(a) reward for his teacher was the execution of Aristotles nephew Callisthenes many years later. Leonidas, was hired by Philip II to train and discipline Alexanders body. He move Alexander on frequent all night marches and rationed his food. Alexanders schooling with his two teachers continued until he was 16 years old.Alexanders father Phillip, growing quite tired of his wife Olympias antics, chose to marry another woman. The woman he c hose was Cleopatra, the niece of one of his commanders Attalus. During the wedding feast Attalus is state to have remarked that perhaps now Phillip would produce a legitimate heir to the throne. The strong spirited Alexander leapt to his feet demanding to know the meaning of this insult. Phillip, Alexanders own father, stood with his sword drawn, prepared to defend his new father-in-laws honor and immediately tripped t... ... Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1997.Adams, Lindsay W. and Borza, Eugene N. Phillip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage. Washington D.C., 1982Badian, E.. Studies In Greek And Roman History. Oxford, 1964Bosworth, A.B.. A HistoricalCommentary on Arrians History of Alexander, Volume I. Oxford, 1980Bosworth, A.B.. A Cut Too Many? Occams Razor and Alexanders Footguard. The Ancient History Bulletin, 11.2-3 (1997), pp.47-56.Brunt, P.A.. Arrian History of Alexander and Indica I. Boston, 1976Carlsen, J. (ed). Alexander the Great reality and myth. Rome, 1993. Dodge, T.A.. Alexander a history of the origin and growth of the art of war from the earliest times to the battle of Ispus, 301 BC. New York, 1996.Milns, R.D.. Alexander the Great. New York, 1969.Popovic, J.J.. Alexander the Great, online available at http//1stmuse.comSbarounis, C.N.. Did Alexander the Great Die of Acute Pancreatitis? Journal Of Clinical Gastroenterology, 24(4), 1997, pp. 294-296.Snyder, John William. Alexander the Great. New York, 1966Tarn, W.W.. Alexander the Great. Boston, 1968.Thomas, K.R.. A Psychoanalytic Study of Alexander the Great. Psychoanalytical Review, 82(6), 1995, pp. 859-901.

How Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? :: Teaching Education

How Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom?Anne, a 15 year old Vietnamese American student stared give away the windowwhile the teacher droned on in the background. Her thoughts centered onlunch and her friends, and family. On a deeper level, her thoughts wereab stunned friendship, loyalty, kinship, and how children gain status andacceptance in the social structure of the naturalize. Annes attention wasbrought back into the classroom when the teacher announced that thisinformation will be on the test. Mechanically, Anne began to write as theteacher dictated notes. When the teacher had finished dictating the notes,Annes thoughts wandered back to her get concerns. This true story is about me as a young girl trying to identify with theexperiences of tame acquaintance and real life knowledge. Most of us asstudents have been in my shoes can readily identify the occasional momentsof boredom and castle in Spain in an otherwise inte resting and engaging schoolexperience, and in other occasions, this is the main reality of theclassroom life. Traditionally, the educational community has tended toview culturally several(a) students as coming from a deficit model, that in some manner these students lacked the right stuff, the educational experiencesfor success in school. Rarely have schools and educational institutionsviewed culturally diverse students as being culture rich and not at risk.When children are not allowed to incorporate their prior knowledge with newexperiences provided in the classroom, study is slowed and the childconstructs a disjointed view of the world. This paper explores themulticultural and diversify world of the students and juxtaposes it alongthe knowledge the students are encountering in the classroom. It exploresknowledge in respects to the traditional notions of commonsensical knowledgeof school, and knowledge that centers on the interests and aims of thelearner. Multicultural learning needs to build on students regenerative(prior knowledge) along with their reified (school knowledge)knowledges,the knowledge must be in relation to the students family line and community, theinformation must be personally long-familiar to the child, the understandingmust come through a connection with culturally familiar stories andmaterials, knowledge needs to create a meaningful linkage to slip bychildren control over their learning, and multicultural knowledge needs toaddress the histories and experiences of people who have been left out ofthe curriculum (Dewey, 125).What I experienced as a little girl was a conflict between two differentkinds of knowledge, which R.B Everhart has distinguished as reified andregenerative knowledge. Regenerative knowledge is created, maintained,and recreated through the continuous interaction of people in a communityHow Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? Teaching EducationHow Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom?Anne, a 15 year old Vietnamese American student stared out the windowwhile the teacher droned on in the background. Her thoughts centered onlunch and her friends, and family. On a deeper level, her thoughts wereabout friendship, loyalty, kinship, and how children gain status andacceptance in the social structure of the school. Annes attention wasbrought back into the classroom when the teacher announced that thisinformation will be on the test. Mechanically, Anne began to write as theteacher dictated notes. When the teacher had finished dictating the notes,Annes thoughts wandered back to her own concerns. This true story is about me as a young girl trying to identify with theexperiences of school knowledge and real life knowledge. Most of us asstudents have been in my shoes can readily identify the occasional momentsof boredom and daydreaming in an otherwise interesting and engaging schoolexperi ence, and in other occasions, this is the main reality of theclassroom life. Traditionally, the educational community has tended toview culturally diverse students as coming from a deficit model, thatsomehow these students lacked the right stuff, the educational experiencesfor success in school. Rarely have schools and educational institutionsviewed culturally diverse students as being culture rich and not at risk.When children are not allowed to incorporate their prior knowledge with newexperiences provided in the classroom, learning is slowed and the childconstructs a disjointed view of the world. This paper explores themulticultural and diversified world of the students and juxtaposes it alongthe knowledge the students are encountering in the classroom. It exploresknowledge in respects to the traditional notions of commonsense knowledgeof school, and knowledge that centers on the interests and aims of thelearner. Multicultural learning needs to build on students regenerative(prio r knowledge) along with their reified (school knowledge)knowledges,the knowledge must be in relation to the students home and community, theinformation must be personally familiar to the child, the understandingmust come through a connection with culturally familiar stories andmaterials, knowledge needs to create a meaningful linkage to givechildren control over their learning, and multicultural knowledge needs toaddress the histories and experiences of people who have been left out ofthe curriculum (Dewey, 125).What I experienced as a little girl was a conflict between two differentkinds of knowledge, which R.B Everhart has distinguished as reified andregenerative knowledge. Regenerative knowledge is created, maintained,and recreated through the continuous interaction of people in a community

How Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? :: Teaching Education

How Can A Students Cultural noesis and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the schoolroom?Anne, a 15 year old Vietnamese American student stared out the window man the instructor droned on in the background. Her thoughts centered onlunch and her friends, and family. On a deeper level, her thoughts wereabout friendship, loyalty, kinship, and how children gain status andacceptance in the social structure of the school. Annes attention wasbrought back into the classroom when the teacher inform that thisinformation will be on the test. Mechanically, Anne began to write as theteacher dictated nones. When the teacher had finished dictating the notes,Annes thoughts wandered back to her own concerns. This true account is about me as a young little girl trying to identify with theexperiences of school friendship and truly life knowledge. Most of us asstudents fork over been in my shoes can readily identify the occasional momentsof boredom and daydreaming in an otherwise in teresting and engaging schoolexperience, and in other occasions, this is the main reality of theclassroom life. Traditionally, the educational confederation has tended to situation culturally diverse students as advance from a deficit model, thatsomehow these students lacked the right stuff, the educational experiencesfor success in school. Rarely have schools and educational institutionsviewed culturally diverse students as being enculturation rich and not at risk.When children are not allowed to incorporate their prior knowledge with newexperiences provided in the classroom, learning is slowed and the childconstructs a disjointed view of the world. This paper explores themulticultural and diversified world of the students and juxtaposes it onthe knowledge the students are encountering in the classroom. It exploresknowledge in respects to the traditional notions of commonsense knowledgeof school, and knowledge that centers on the interests and aims of thelearner. Multicultural learning needs to habitus on students regenerative(prior knowledge) along with their reified (school knowledge)knowledges,the knowledge moldiness be in relation to the students home and community, theinformation moldiness be personally familiar to the child, the understandingmust come through a connection with culturally familiar stories andmaterials, knowledge needs to create a meaningful linkage to givechildren control over their learning, and multicultural knowledge needs toaddress the histories and experiences of people who have been left out ofthe curriculum (Dewey, 125).What I experienced as a little girl was a conflict between two differentkinds of knowledge, which R.B Everhart has distinguished as reified andregenerative knowledge. Regenerative knowledge is created, maintained,and recreated through the never-ending interaction of people in a communityHow Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? Teaching EducationHow Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom?Anne, a 15 year old Vietnamese American student stared out the windowwhile the teacher droned on in the background. Her thoughts centered onlunch and her friends, and family. On a deeper level, her thoughts wereabout friendship, loyalty, kinship, and how children gain status andacceptance in the social structure of the school. Annes attention wasbrought back into the classroom when the teacher announced that thisinformation will be on the test. Mechanically, Anne began to write as theteacher dictated notes. When the teacher had finished dictating the notes,Annes thoughts wandered back to her own concerns. This true story is about me as a young girl trying to identify with theexperiences of school knowledge and real life knowledge. Most of us asstudents have been in my shoes can readily identify the occasional momentsof boredom and daydreaming in an otherwise interesting and engaging schoole xperience, and in other occasions, this is the main reality of theclassroom life. Traditionally, the educational community has tended toview culturally diverse students as coming from a deficit model, thatsomehow these students lacked the right stuff, the educational experiencesfor success in school. Rarely have schools and educational institutionsviewed culturally diverse students as being culture rich and not at risk.When children are not allowed to incorporate their prior knowledge with newexperiences provided in the classroom, learning is slowed and the childconstructs a disjointed view of the world. This paper explores themulticultural and diversified world of the students and juxtaposes it alongthe knowledge the students are encountering in the classroom. It exploresknowledge in respects to the traditional notions of commonsense knowledgeof school, and knowledge that centers on the interests and aims of thelearner. Multicultural learning needs to build on students regenerative (prior knowledge) along with their reified (school knowledge)knowledges,the knowledge must be in relation to the students home and community, theinformation must be personally familiar to the child, the understandingmust come through a connection with culturally familiar stories andmaterials, knowledge needs to create a meaningful linkage to givechildren control over their learning, and multicultural knowledge needs toaddress the histories and experiences of people who have been left out ofthe curriculum (Dewey, 125).What I experienced as a little girl was a conflict between two differentkinds of knowledge, which R.B Everhart has distinguished as reified andregenerative knowledge. Regenerative knowledge is created, maintained,and recreated through the continuous interaction of people in a community

Critically evaluate the current status of the setting including policies and practices Essay

Self-reflection is a very important tool to be used in order to keep the nursery up to date with menstruum legislation and to raise service standards. By regularly looking at where we argon as a setting we sess ensure that we continue to qualifying high quality education to our children. Research has proven that self-reflection and evaluation both support good practice within a setting as a part of continual development. Importantly this self-reflection supports good outcomes for children. (Barber and Paul-Smith 2009, pg.8)We have been using Ofsted SEF to evaluate where we are doing well and assess where we need to improve. The self-evaluation form is designed to help other(a) years providers to review and improve their practice, so that it is of the highest standard and offers the best experience for young children. Importantly it is a useful tool for you and any assistants or module to evaluate the impact of what you do on childrens welfare, learning and development. (Ofsted 2 009, pg.13)PEST ANALYSISPOLITICAL Politic entirelyy unsettled Arab spring Benevolent dictatorship No pressure groups Frequent change of legislation but no clear guidelines No official body or organization to refer to Government policies are not logical and not properly disseminatedECONOMICAL Unsecure financial world markets Fluctuating exchange rates Expensive living Uncertainties in the economy No direct income taxes or VAT Several indirect taxes Increasing running costs Rapid expansion of Early Years industry Increasing competitionSOCIAL Increasing number of working mothers Wider range of people Image of good standard of living and overall gum elasticty People moving and remittal in the area Increased focus on Early Years Education Attractive area for various nationalities Broad spectrum of curriculum covered in the pastoralTECHNOLOGICAL Easier information access (internet) Wider audience Better ability to reach out to the Community Blogging (positive and/or negative) Persona l Technology CCTV cameras(name of city) is a safe place, its economy is considered ever flourishing but due to the ongoing global economical crisis it has its financial restraints. This analysis has also outlined how a business can be easily set up but also how difficult it is for it to thrive due to frequent changes in the legislation and the lack of consistent guidelines. Nevertheless, the increase interest in Early Years Education will soon allow practitioners to offer to all children high standards of learning.SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS Well trained, certifiable and experienced rung Impressive facilities Outstanding outdoor area Central location Extra-curricular activities Early years themed workshops and professional advisorsWEAKNESSES Turnover of staff due to economic situation Policies and Procedures (only few in place) Being tenant of the facilities Old building badly maintained Lack of training opportunities Limited parental involvement managerial limited decision making abi lityOPPORTUNITIES Several marketing options Exponential growth of market Partnership with professionals in child deal Diversified skills of staff with different backgrounds Wide professional networkTHREATS Extremely high price of rent Frequent new regulations with high implement costs New nurseries poaching staff and rising salary expectations Loss of key staff Frequent families relocations(name of nursery) is a newly established nursery in (name of city) that was initially planned with a greater focus on business rather than learning. Policies and Procedures were compiled and printed out hastily, without team brainstorming or subsequent effective compliance. The absence of specific legal requirements in the country makes it possible for nursery and day cares to operate, though in the best interest of children, without proper policies and procedures in place.Going through the process of self-evaluation has been the most valuable shopping center opener possible for me. I now know w here we are and where we want to be. PEST and SWOT analysis haveallowed me to celebrate our strengths and pinpoint our weaknesses.Generally all policies will need to be rewritten, implemented and properly disseminated, but priority will be given to Child Protection and Behaviour Management Policies. A Staff training plan also needs to be put in place in order to ensure high standards in care and education of all children. Last but not least, it will be paramount to monitor progress and ensure that our procedures reflect our policies and that good practice is consistent throughout the academic year by gathering evidence regularly.

Free Will or Predestination: Who Controls Our Fate?

If you hobo hold it in your hands then you can fold it by commands yet if its fate to understand , fate cannot wait and is unmanned, the decisions you make testament lend fate a hand. - Unknown After analyzing the disseminated sclerosis ,Macbeth, it can be said that fate is not determined by pre-destination but by free will. This is proven when Macbeth steers his fate into his own hands by killing his cousin, mogul Duncan, in order to become world power of Scotland. It is a dispute started by Christians that has traveled throughout different time periods, races, and religions. Are our lives already planned out or do we hold the key to our own fate?The King James bible says that pre-destination and free will can Co-exist but many choose one extreme or the other. In the story of Macbeth, the main character is visited by three enchantresses who prophetize that he will become king of Scotland but do not give details as to how or when he will take the throne. (p. 17 lines 59-63) Under the influence of his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth does not wait for the soothsaying to unfold and freely kills his cousin King Duncan in order to take control of Scotland. Throughout the play, his ambitions and insecurities lead him to freely become a murderer in order to get what he wants in life.As previously stated, the argument of free will or predestination has been around for centuries and is rooted in religion. The theory behind predestination is that God has already predetermined who will get into heaven and has planned everyones life out for them. Every decision made, no matter good or bad, was determined by God before you were born. (David Bennett. ) Those who believe in predestination are often classified as Calvinists, later John Calvin who is the man behind many of the predestination theories, or Reformed theologists.Free will is defined as, The power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate the ability to act at ones own discretion. (Merriam-Webste r dictionary) In terms of religion, free will is the idea that gives each individual the opportunity to choose what they will believe in and make the decision to follow Christ or not. The theory behind free will is that one can act on his or her own without having their fate predetermined for them. In Macbeths case, he acted upon free will by taking fate into his own hands quite a than waiting to see how his life would unfold.The witches role in the play is key because without their prophecy, Macbeth would have continued on living his life normally. Although it may have been contentious during the time period, the witches role is important because they add another dimension to the play, a sense of mystery. The weird sisters, as they are often referred to as, bring a spectral feel into the play because of their appearance and abilities It is because of them that the story is set into motion and the sense of hearing witnesses the fall of Macbeth and the blood trail that he leaves in his wake.Although some readers choose to wrongdoing the witches with the fate of Macbeth, it is ultimately his fault because he makes the final decisions to commit the murderous deeds. They planted the seeds but Macbeth nurtured them, allowing them to grow into something bigger than himself and everyone else around him. Macbeths misinterpretation of the prophecy shows his weak character, which allows Lady Macbeth to manipulate him into doing what she feels should be done. He believes everything he hears to be true and after the murder of Duncan, he commits crimes without hesitation.Every decision that Macbeth made was of his own take heed and action unlike Banquo who says, Sometimes we hear favorable things that may bring us to harm. While Banquo was also intrigued by the prophecies, he did not allow them to take over his life. In fact he says, New honors come upon him like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould But with the aid of use. (p. 20 lines 157-159) From this statement, the audience could gather that Banquo feels that these positions are unnatural to them.If Macbeth was in the right frame of mind instead of being driven by greed and deadly ambition, he readiness have experienced the same feelings as Banquo. The murders committed by Macbeth were justified in his mind as something that just had to be done. Immediately after the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth expresses his deep sorrow and regret. (p. 34 lines46-51) This guilt begins to drive him insane and he becomes extremely paranoid. Lady Macbeth expresses her need to make the murder of King Duncan happen so that they can gain the titles they deserve in Scotland. p. 28 lines 53-65) In modern day interpretations, Lady Macbeth is sometimes seen as the fourth witch because she too plays an important role in Macbeths downfall. While it is ultimately his final decision to commit these murders, she also planted deadly seeds in his head. Impatience, selfishness, and greed allow Macbeth to be come victim of his own desire. Macbeths careless use of free will eventually led to his wifes death and his lords routine their back on him. While he had high hopes for his reign, he was eventually the cause of his own demise.

Mozart

search Oh Susanna The Wise Women of Mozart In Mozarts operas, as in his life, says Anat Sharon of the Department of Literature, Language and the Arts at the diffuse University, women rather than men atomic number 18 the ones who come out on top and who win our hearts. Mozart heatd and mensurated women in his personal life and this was reflected in his operas. by means of brilliant melodic interpretations, his sympathetic, vividly-drawn portraits make auditory senses love even the most evil of women. Mozarts fascinating, complex female operatic characters argon more than simply great musical creations.They also reflect the value Mozart himself placed on the women in his personal life. The women who were influential in Mozarts personal life were his mother Anna Maria his talented child Nannerl his cousin Maria Anna the fair sexhood whom he loved in his youth, Aloysia Weber and her sister, his beloved wife Constanze. in the dramatic design of the plot. He didnt just dumbfou nd completed texts he also placed his personal stamp on the characters. One outstanding caseful of a musical image of a woman that is actually opposed to the text is the Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute.In the story, her character is absolutely a negative one. But Mozart gave her the most beautiful, much-loved arias that make the audience adore her. Thanks to Mozarts music, an image that could easily have been one-sided is in fact something much more complex. In a recent lecture, Anat Sharon discussed the way that Mozart interpret women on stage rising above every test that men subject them to. Clearly, Mozart related to the women differently from the way he related to men. According to Anat Sharon, Mozarts pose to women can be considered both in terms of their standing in society s a whole and in terms of his personal life. Mozart himself was open-minded and aware of the lack of justice and equality in the feudal society in which he found himself. In the court of the Archb ishop of Salzburg, where he lived and worked as a musician, he was considered no more than a kind of servant. It is clear that this mixer order outraged him not precisely with regard to what he considered his own servitude, save also with regard to women. Therefore, sometimes women in his operas work together to protect their interests against the joint enemy men. 1 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at piano ith muses by Hausleitner (Lebrecht Music and Arts) There is no doubt that the depictions of women in Mozarts operas are deeper, broader and more interesting than the depictions of men. The question is how much of this slant is due to the librettist and how much to Mozart himself. According to Anat Sharon, In the operas Mozart wrote with librettist Lorenzo da Ponte, The Marriage of Figaro, Cosi caramel brown Tutte and Don Giovanni, Mozart was a full partner Anat Sharon explains, One of the most idealized feminine characters of all in Mozarts operas is in fact not a madam but a servan t. That isSusanna in The Marriage of Figaro. Although traditionally in the commedia dellarte, servants are more full of life and wit than their employers, Susanna is much more than this. She is an intelligent woman who knows how to read, write and play music. In one scene, Susanna and the Countess sit and together write a letter in which they help catch the Count in his betrayal. The countess dictates and Susanna writes an example of two women working in harmony against men. The music also reflects the relationship between the two. They sing a soprano duet in which the countess sings and Susanna eplies. The melodies and words are so intermingled that it is virtually impossible to determine which woman is singing which melody. In effect, the two become one. Though this is not explicitly stated in the libretto, the Research this is all in their imaginations, but in All Women Do That (Cosi Fan Tutte), it turns out to be true when the men are not near them, women are untrue. According to Anat Sharon, Even in Cosi Fan Tutte, Mozarts sympathies are on the side of the women. Here, the men set a test of loyalty and the women, who originally hadnt thought of betrayal, are swept away.This also happens to the men, so that in fact, not only do all women do that but men too. This is apparently human nature. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts opera Le Nozze Di Figaro (Tristram Kenton/Lebrecht Music and Arts) music is depicting a state of equality between the two in Mozarts eyes, even though they belong to two different social levels. This is seen even more clearly in Mozarts decision to write an aria for Susanna to sing to seduce the Count, which is actually a serenade. A woman singing a love serenade is unheard of. Susanna is behaving like a man, trying o forge her own path in life. There had been nothing like this in the gentlemans gentleman of opera, until Mozart, since women were thought at the time to lack the intellect and capacity for rational thought that would enable them to manage their lives for themselves. Mozart knew this well, because he had a personal example at home. Constanze was very shrewd and had initiative and good business sense, as can be seen by how well she established herself and their children after Mozart died penniless. She guarded his heritage, helped publish his works and was instrumental in the writing of his first biography. In contrast to the women in Mozarts operas who are very aware, men in the operas tend to be rather confused. It seems that Mozart didnt value men very highly, especially compared to women, who in his eyes were always more complex and interesting. The male characters in the operas are more one-sided. In The Magic Flute, the only character whom the audience supports wholeheartedly is Papageno, the birdcatcher, who touches our hearts with his simplicity and innocence. In all the operas, men are convinced that women are fickle betrayers. Generally, In spite of the good ending, at that place s no doubt that the message is subversive and there is an expression of something like feminism. Although the opera seems to indicate that women are dependent on men for love, in fact Mozart does not suffice with what is written in the libretto. He makes his own contribution to the different characters through musical characterization in his operas. Another pure example is the duet that opens The Marriage of Figaro. Figaro is measuring the size of the room where he and Susanna will live after their marriage while Susanna is trying on her nuptials bonnet in front of the mirror.He is pleased with the room she is less so. They sing a duet composed of two separate tunes his, staccato in buffo zeal hers, lyric and sensitive. The audience is made to wonder how on earth these two will ever live together compatibly if they sing in two completely different musical languages. It is also clear from the music, that she is the one who will set the tone in their marriage. And that is indeed what happens in t he opera Figaro dances to her tune. In such(prenominal) a way, in both the operas and in much of Mozarts personal life, do men dance to womens tunes. 1 1

Revolutionary Republicanism Essay

Revolutionary republicanism is an ideal example of the American state of war fighting for their independence from England. The political theory of revolutionary republicanism is pieced together from position political ideas, Enlightenment theories, and religious beliefs. This was all constituted with the revolution in thought. Many lives, economies, politics, religions, and even thoughts were changed in effect to the American war. The Revolutionary republicanism by the American War caused a lot of change in many peoples lives.Native Americans, women, African Americans, and Loyalists were all bear upon by this change. Many Native Americans homes, family, and fields were destroyed by the war. The group from the Native Americans mostly affected by war were the Iroquois. In the summer of 1779, American troops launched raids into the Iroquois country. These attacks caused many burning villages, the killing of men, women, and children, and destroying a lot of corn. By the end of the wa r the Iroquois had lost about one-third of their people as sound as many towns.Even though many Native Americans lost lives because of the war, it brought countless numbers of them to America. The second group of lives changed by war were women. Women still continue to fight for their rights and freedom but they continued to be denied franchise. Women had still never voted nor held office positions except on a few occasions. Then in red-hot-fashioned Jersey the constitution of 1776 opened the franchise to all free inhabitants who met property and residence requirements. Many women took advantage of this. After this womens traditional roles took a new and improved political meaning.The third group that had their lives changed because of revolutionary republicanism was the African Americans. During the war many African Americans were enlisted in support of the revolutionary cause. Then after the war about 20% of African Americans went to behind the British lines to gain freedom. Mo st of the blacks saw England as freedom not tyranny. The slaves who fled behind British lines never want out their freedom. Then lastly many Loyalists lives were changed. Most of the Loyalists gained partial reimbursement for their losses.All loyalists were deprived of voting, confiscating houses, and banishing from their homes. Also the punishing of Loyalists, accused of Loyalism, was pop. The American war didnt dependable change peoples lives it changed the economy, religion, and politics too. After the War people were into politics like never before. Newspapers multiplied and pamphlets by the thousands followed the political debates. The expansion of popular politics resulted from an explosive combination of circumstances. The war also put huge stress on the economy too even though the war terminate with an American victory.The war had caused many casualties, properties being destroyed, and the local economies being unbalanced. This conflict left the Iroquois and the Cherokee severely weakened. This opened the doors to the western expansion. The ideology of revolutionary republicanism is pieced together from English political ideas, Enlightenment theories, and religious beliefs. This was all constituted with the revolution in thought. Because the war had changed so many lives and thoughts the nation as a whole began to transform. By 1783 a new nation had come into being, and it was based on doctrines of republican liberty.

Decision Making – Cost Accounting

Decisions Involving Alternative Choices Structure 13. 1 Introduction Objectives 13. 2 Decision Making 13. 3 Types of Costs 13. 4 Types of Choices Decisions 13. 5 Make or Buy Decisions 13. 6 Addition / Discontinuance of a harvest-festival line 13. 7 Sell or deal Further 13. 8 Operate or Shut down 13. 9 Exploring New Markets 13. 10 Maintaining a desired level of profit 13. 11 Summary 13. 12 termination Questions 13. 13 Answers to SAQs and TQs 13. 1 Introduction In the previous whole we learnt about Marginal Costing.Marginal be is the ascertainment of marginal equal and of the event on profit of changes in volume by differentiating between steadfastly equal and variable be. Marginal equal is the amount at any accustomed volume of output by which aggregate cost ar changed if the volume of output is increased or decreased by one unit. Marginal costing is a very useful tool for management because of its applications. It is used in providing assistance to the management in vita l conclusiveness- do both short term and spacious term. Differential analysis is the process of estimating the answers of election feats that a decision draw and quarterr whitethorn take.It is used both for short term and long term decisions. all of a sudden term decisions relates to fixing price for the mathematical production, selecting a suitable product mixing, diversification of the product etc while long term deals with capital budgeting decisions. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to Explain the step involved in decision qualification process Know various types of decision choices Analyze and interpret various decision choices 13. 2 Decision Making Decision making is the process of evaluating two or to a greater extent alternatives leading to a final choice known as alternative choice decisions.Decision making is near associated with planning for the future and is directed towards a specific objective or goal. Decision model contains the following decision-making steps or elements 1. Identify and define the problem 2. Identify alternative as possible solutions to the problem. 3. Eliminate alternatives that argon clearly not feasible 4. Collect germane(predicate) data (costs and benefits) associated with each feasible alternative 5. Identify cost and benefits as applicable or irrelevant and eliminate irrelevant costs and benefits from consideration. . Identify to the goal possible, non-financial advantage and disadvantage about each feasible alternative. 7. summarize the relevant cost and benefits for each alternative 8. Select the alternative with the greatest overall benefits to suck a decision 9. Implement or execute the decision 10. Evaluate the results of the decision made. 13. 3 Types of Costs A decision involves selecting among various choices. Non routine types of decisions ar crucial and critical to the firm as it involves huge investments and involve much uncertainty.Short term decision making is base d on relevant data obtained from account statement information. relevant Cost argon costs which would change as a result of the decision. Opportunity costs are monetary benefits foregone for not pursue the alternative course. When a decision to follow one course of action is made, the opportunity to pursue some other course is foregone. Sunk costs are historical cost that cornerstonenot be recovered in a assumption situation. These costs are irrelevant in decision making. Avoidable costs are costs that can be avoided in future as a result of managerial choice.It is also known as discretionary costs. These costs are relevant in decision making. Incremental / Differential costs are costs that include variable costs and conduceitional fixed costs resulting from a incident decision. They are helpful in finding out the profitability of increased output and give a crack measure than the average cost. ego Assessment Questions 1. Relevant Costs are costs which would _________a s a result of the decision. 2. ___________ are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. 3.Opportunity costs are _________________for not pursuing the alternative course 4. ____________ is also known as discretionary cost. 13. 4 Types of Choices Decisions The application of incremental / differential costs and revenues for decision making is known as decision situations or types of choice decisions. Make or Buy decisions Selection of a suitable product mix Effect of change in price Maintaining a desired level of profit Diversification of products Closing down or suspending activities Alternative course of action Own or Lease Retain or Replace Change or Status quo Export or Local gross gross deals Expand or Contract Take or Refuse order Place special orders Select sales territories Sell at split-up invest or process but. 13. 5 Make or Buy Decisions Make or obtain decisions arise when a alliance with unused output capacity consider the follo wing alternatives a) To buy certain raw materials or subassemblies from outside suppliers b) To use available capacity to produce the items within the company. c) The quality and type of item which affects the production schedule d) The pose needed for the production of item ) Any transportation involved due to the location of production facility f) Cost of acquiring special know how engaged for the item. Illustration 1 The Anchor Company Ltd produces most of its electrical get outs in its own do. The company is at present considering the feasibility of buying a part from an outside supplier for Rs. 4. 5 per part. If this were done, monthly costs would increase by Rs. 1,000 The part under consideration is manufactured in Department 1 along with numerous other parts. On account of discontinuing the production of this part, Department 1 would flip up somewhat reduced trading operations.The average monthly usage production of this part is 20,000 units. The costs of producing t his part on per unit basis are as follows. hearty Rs. 1. 80 work (half-hour) 2. 40 Fixed overheads 0. 80 Total costs 5. 00 Solution pic The company should continue the practice of producing the part in Department1. Illustration 2 ABC ltd plans utilize its idle capacity by making components parts instead of buying them from suppliers.The following are the data available for decision to make or buy Unit cost Direct Material 12. 5 Direct Labour 8. 0 Variable manufacturing overhead 5. 0 The company purchases the part at a unit cost of Rs. 30. The company has been operational at 75% of normal capacity. Fixed manufacturing cost is 17 lakhs. The cost to manufacture 50000 units is Unit cost Total cost Direct material 12. 5 6,25,000 Direct labour 8. 0 4,00,000 Variable manufacturing o/h 5. 0 2,50,000 Total incremental cost 25. 5 12,75,000 Cost to purchase part 30. 15,00,000 take in advantage in parts production 4. 5 2,25,000 Inference The jibe incremental cost by produ cing the part in-house is Rs. 25. 50 while the cost incurred on purchase of the part from suppliers is Rs. 30. 00. There is a clear advantage to the company to produce the part in-house. 13. 6 Addition or Discontinuance of a Product line or Process The decision to add or eliminate an unprofitable product is a special case of product profitability evaluation.When a firm is divided into multiple sales outlets, product lines, divisions, subdivisions it may have to evaluate their individual performance to decide whether or not to continue operations of each of these segments. Illustration 3 The Hi-tech Manufacturing Company is presently evaluating two possible processes for the manufacture of a toy, and makes available to you the following information Particular Process A Process B Rs. Rs. Variable cost per unit 12 14 sales price per unit 20 20 Total fixed costs per year 30,00,000 21,00,000 Capacity (in units) 4,30,000 5,00,000 Anticipated sales (next year, in units) 4,00,000 4,00,000 You are required to suggest ) Which process should be chosen? Substantiate your attend to. ii) Would you change your answer as given above if you were informed that the capacities of the two processes are as follows A 6, 00,000 units B 5, 00,000 units? Why? Substantiate your answer. Solution Comparative availability direction Particular Process A Process B Rs. Rs. (i) Selling price per unit 20 20 Variable cot per unit 12 14 Contribution per unit 8 6 Total annual piece (as per anticipated sales) 32,00,000 24,00,000 Total fixed costs per year 30,00,000 21,00,000 Total Income 2,00,000 3,00,000 Process B may be chosen Total contribution (if utilized to present capacity and sell) 34,40,000 30,00,000 Less Fixed costs 30,00,000 21,00,000 Total Income 4,40,000 9,00,000 Process B may be chosen (ii) Total contribution (if capacity of A of 6,00,000 units and48,00,000 30,00,000 of B 5,00,000 units) Less Fixed costs 30,00,000 21,00,000 Total Income 18, 00,000 9,00,000 Process A may be chosen. Illustration 4 Addition of second shift Ulfa Ltd produces a single product in its plant. This product sells for Rs. 100 per unit. The standard production cost per unit is as follows stinging materials (5 kgs Rs. 8 Rs. 40 Direct labour (2 hours Rs. ) 10 Variable manufacturing overheads 10 Fixed manufacturing overheads 20 80 The plant is shortly in operation(p) at full capacity of 1, 00,000 units per years on a single shift. This output is inadequate to meet the projected sales manager has estimated that the firm allow for lose sales of 40,000 units next years if the capacity is not expanded Plant capacity could be doubled by adding a second shift. This would require additional out-of-pocket fixed manufacturing overhead costs of Rs. 10,00,000 annually. Also, a night work pay premium equal to 25 per cent of the standard wage would have to be paid during the second shift.However, if annual production volume were 1,30,000 units or mor e, the company could take advantage of 2 per cent quantity deductive reasoning on its raw material purchases. You are required to advise whether it would be profitable to add the second shift in order to obtain the sales volume of 40,000 units per year? Solution Decision analysis Particulars Profit without expansion Profits with expansion gross revenue revenue Rs. 1,00,00,000 Rs. 1,40,00,000 Less variable costs Raw materials (Rs 39. 0 x 1,40,000) 40,00,000 54,88,000 Direct labour 10,00,000 15,00,000 Variable manufacturing overhead 10,00,000 14,00,000 Contribution 40,00,000 56,12,000 Less fixed costs (Rs. 1,00,000 x 20) 20,00,000 30,00,000 Net Income 20,00,000 26,12,000 Yes, it would be profitable to add the second shift as it would increase profits by Rs. 6, 12,000.Illustration 5 Assume a company is considering dropping product B from its line because accountancy statements shows that product B is being sell at a loss. Product A B C Total Sales revenue 50,000 7,50 0 12,500 70,000 Cost of sales D. Material 7,500 1,000 1,500 10,000 D.Labour 15,000 2,000 2,500 19,500 Indirect manufacturing cost (50% of 7,500 1,000 1,250 9,750 Direct labour) Total 30,000 4,000 5,250 39,250 Gross margin On sales 20,000 3,500 7,250 30,750 Selling & Admn 12,500 4,500 4,000 21,000 Net income 7,500 (1,000) 3,250 9,750 Additional information a) Factory command process overhead time cost is made up of fixed cost of Rs. 5850 and variable cost of Rs. 3900. b) Variable cost by products are A Rs 3000, B Rs 400 and C Rs 500 c) Fixed costs and expense will not be changed if product B is eliminated d) Variable selling and administrative expenses are to the extent of Rs. 11000 can be traced to the product A-Rs. 7,500 B- Rs. 1500 and C- Rs. 2000 e) Fixed selling and admn expense are Rs. 10000 Solution picIf the sale of product B were partd, the marginal contribution would be wooly-minded and the net income would be reduced by Rs. 2,600. Assume that later dropping product B, the sales of product A increased by 10%. The total profit of the firm will not increase by this sales increase. Product A makes only a marginal contribution of 34% (17000/50000) Sales revenue of Product A 50000 100% Variable cost of Product A 33000 66% Marginal contribution of Product A 17000 34% On additional sales of Rs. 5000 the marginal contribution would be Rs. 700 Sales revenue 10% of 50000 5000 Variable cost 66% 3300 Marginal contribution (34%) 1700 This contribution is less(prenominal) than Rs. 2,600 now being realized on the sales of product B. it would take additional sales of product A of approximately Rs. 7,647 to equal the marginal contribution of Rs. 2,600 mow being made by product B pic= Rs. 7,647 It is possible that dropping product B may result in reduction in some of the fixed costs. Products B now contributes Rs. 2,600 towards recovery of fixed costs and expenses. Only if the fixed costs and expenses can be reduced by more than this amo unt, it will be advisable to drop product B. 13. Sells or Process Further A firm is frequently faced with the problem of continuing with the breathing policies or plans or change to new ones. Such change could be in the form of selling a partially processed product (semi finished) or process further. While taking a decision about such matters, the management must keep in mind the long term consequence and the interest of the firm. Illustration 6 A firm sells semi finished product at Rs. 9 per unit. The cost to manufacture the semi finished product is Rs. 6. Further processing can be done at an additional cost of Rs. 3 per unit and the final product can be sold at Rs. 15 per unit. The firm can produce 10,000 units.The analysis is shown below Sell Process & Sell Sales revenue (10,000 units) Rs. 90,000 1,50,000 Less Manufacturing costs 60,000 90,000 Profit 30,000 60,000 There is a net advantage of Rs. 30,000 in processing the product further. The market value of the partially processed product (Rs. 90,000) is considered to be opportunity cost of further processing. The figure of net advantage of Rs. 30. 00 can be arrived at in the following manner also Revenue from sale of final product (10,000 x 15) Rs. 1,20,000 Less Additional processing cost (10,000 x 3 ) 30,000 Revenues from sale of intermediate product 90,000 1,20,000 Net advantage in further processing Rs. 30,000 13. 8 Operate or Shutdown Various factors both external and internal affect the functioning of the firm. In such situations it becomes necessary for a firm to temporarily suspend or shutdown the activities of a particular product, department or a unit as a whole.Illustration 7 A company operating below 50% of its capacity expects that the volume of sales will drop below the present level of 10,000 units per month. Management is concerned that a further drop in sales volume will create a loss and has under consideration a recommendation that operation be suspended, until better mark et conditions prevail and also a better selling price. The present operation income statement is as follows Rs Rs Sales revenue (10,000 units Rs. 3. 00) 30,000 Less Variable costs Rs. 2. 0 per unit 20. 000 Fixed costs 10,000 Net Income 0 Suggest the management at what point should the operation be suspended. The fixed cost ashes only Rs 4000 if operation is shutdown. The following income statements have been prepared for sales at different capacities pic It would appear that shutdown is desirable when the sale volume drops below 6,000 units per month, the point at which operating losses exceed the shutdown cost. 13. 9 Exploring New MarketsDecisions regarding entering new markets whether within the country or other the country should be taken after considering the following factors Whether the firm has surplus capacity to meet the new demand? What price is being offered by the new market? Whether the sale of goods in the new market will affect the present market for the goods? Illustration 8 The following figures are obtained from the budget of a company which is at present working at 90% capacity and producing 13,000 units per annum. 90% 100% Rs. Rs. Sales 15,00,000 16,00,000 Fixed Expenses 3,00,500 3,00,600 Semi- Fixed Expenses 97,500 1,00,500 Variable Overhead Expenses 1,45,000 1,49,500 Units made 13,500 15,000 Labour and material costs per unit are constant under present conditions. Profit margin is 10 per cent. a) You are required to determine the differential cost of producing 1,500 units by increasing capacity to 100 per cent. b) What would you recommend for an export price for these 1,500 units taking into account that overseas prices are much lower than indigenous prices? Solution staple Calculation Rs. Sales at 90% capacity 15,00,000 Less Profit 10% 1,50,000 Cost of Goods sold 13,50,000 Less Expenses (Fixed, semi-variable and variable) 5,43,000 Cost of Material and Labour 8,07,000 Labour and Material at 100% capacit y = Rs. 8,07,000 x 100/90 = 8,96,667 Differential cost analysis can now be done as follows Capacity levels 90% 100% Different cost Production (Units) 13,500 15,000 1,500 Material and Labour 8,07,000 8,96,667 89,667 Variable overhead expenses 1,45,000 1,49,500 4,500 Semi-variable expenses 97,500 1,00,500 3,000 Fixed expenses 3,00,500 3,00,600 100 13,50,000 14,47,267 97,267 a) Different Cost = Rs. 97,267 (Rs. 14,47,267 13,50,000) b) marginal price for export = pic= Rs. 64. 84 per unit At this price, there is no addition to revenue any price above Rs. 64. 84 per unit may be acceptable. Note It has been presumed that i) No capital investment is necessary ii) No export charges are incurred and ii) The export price will have no movement on the home market where the product will continue to be sold at the old price. It has also been assumed that necessary precaution have been taken to ensure that the product is not dumped back. 13. 10 Maintaining a Desired level of profit W hen deciding between alternative courses of actions the criterion should be to select the project which yields the greatest contribution. Illustration 9 A company is considering expansion. Fixed costs amount to Rs. 4, 20,000 and are judge to increase by Rs. 1, 25,000 when plant expansion is completed. The present plant capacity is 80,000 units a year. Capacity will increase by 50 per cent with the expansion. Variable costs are currently Rs. 6. 0 per unit and are expected to go down by Rs. 0. 40 per unit with the expansion. The current selling price is Rs. 16 per unit and is expected to remain same under either alternative. What are the break- even points under either alternative? Which alternative is better and why? Solution pic The profitability after expansion is very good and hence it is better to expand. Illustration 10 Disposal of inventories ABC Ltd has on hand 5,000 units of a product that cannot be sold through regular sales. These were produced at a total cost of Re. 1, 50 ,000 and would normally have been sold for Rs. 40 per unit. Three alternatives are being considered. i. Sell the items as scrap for Rs. per unit ii. Repackage at a cost of Rs. 20,000 and sell them at Rs. 8 per unit iii. Dispose them off at the city dump at removal cost of Rs. 500. Which alternative should be accepted? Solution Exhibits the decision analysis pic Alternative II should be accepted. 13. 11 Summary Decision making is the process of evaluating two or more alternatives leading to a final choice known as alternative choice decisions. Decision making is closely associated with planning for the future and is directed towards a specific objective or goal. A decision involves selecting among various choices. Non routine types of decisions are crucial and critical to he firm as it involves huge investments and involve much uncertainty. Short term decision making is based on relevant data obtained from accounting information. Relevant Cost are costs which would change as a res ult of the decision. Opportunity costs are monetary benefits foregone for not pursuing the alternative course. When a decision to follow one course of action is made, the opportunity to pursue some other course is foregone. Sunk costs are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. These costs are irrelevant in decision making. Avoidable costs are costs that can be avoided in future as a result of managerial choice. It is also known as discretionary costs.These costs are relevant in decision making. Incremental / Differential costs are costs that include variable costs and additional fixed costs resulting from a particular decision. They are helpful in finding out the profitability of increased output and give a better measure than the average cost. 13. 12 Terminal Questions 1. Avon garments Ltd manufactures readymade garments and uses its cut-pieces of cloth to manufacture dolls. The following statement of cost has been prepared. Particulars Readymade garment s Dolls Total Direct material Rs. 80,000 Rs. 6,000 Rs. 6,000 Direct labour 13,000 1,200 14,200 Variable overheads 17,000 2,800 19,800 Fixed overheads 24,000 3,000 27,000 Total cost 1,34,000 13,000 1,47,000 Sales 1,70,000 12,000 1,82,000 Profit (loss) 36,000 (1,000) 35,000 The cut-pieces used in dolls have a scrap value of Rs 1,000 if sold in the market. As there is a loss of Rs. 1,000 in the manufacturing of dolls, it is suggested to discontinue their manufacture. Advise the management. 2. The ABC Company Ltd produces most of its own parts and components. The standard wage rate in the parts department is Rs. 3 per hour. Variable manufacturing overheads is apply at a standard rate of Rs. 2 per labour hour and fixed manufacturing overheads are charged at a standard rate of Rs 2. 50 per hour. For its current years output, the company will require a new part. This part can be made in the parts department without any expansion of existing facilities.Nevertheless, it would be nec essary to increase the cost of product testing and inspection by Rs. 5,000 per month. Estimated labour time for the new part is half an hour per unit. Raw materials cost has been estimated at Rs. 6 per unit. The alternative choice before the company is to purchase part from an outside supplier at Rs 9 per unit. The company has estimated that it will need 2,00,000 new parts during the current years. Advise the company whether it would be more economical to buy or make the new parts. Would your answer be different if the requirement of new parts was only 1,00,000 parts? 13. 13 Answers to SAQ and TQs Answer to SAQ 1. Change 2 Sunk cost 3. Monetary benefits foregone 4. Avoidable cost Answers to TQs . Discontinue manufacture of dolls Readymade garments Dolls Total Total cost 134000 13000 147000 Profit (loss) 36000 (1000) 35000 2. Decision analysis 200000 units The company is advised to make the new part. The differential costs favouring the decision of making the component is Rs400 00 Decision analysis 100000 units The company is advised to buy from an outside supplier. Total cost to manufacture 100000 units is Rs. 9,10,000.

Problems Of Modern Youth Essay

It has been rightly said that we spend the first half of our lives trying to understand the anileer generation, and the second half trying understand the junior generation. This is nothing peculiar to the modern age. It has always been so. Every age has its own problem Youth has always felt somewhat exasperated with age, and age In always been suspicious of young. With their natural ebullience a impatience, a majority of unripened people is keen to act and check out on the own kind of than be guided by the experience of their elders. The ok people, being more at home with words rather than with action, oft make noises about the problems of youth. In every generation, old men are found shaking their hoary heads and waxing nostalgic about I good old days when small people knew better and showed due reverence to age and tradition. In all ages, whenever they bewilder pondered over ways of youth, they have foreseen nothing but ruination everlasting(a) the world in its face. And y et the world goes on.Every generation passes from spontaneity and exuberance of youth to the caution and prudence of old age, and then yields place to the next. some(prenominal) of the charges brought against modern youth are that they represent a rudderless generation without any ideals to live by, or cause to live for. Without the redeeming influence of faith, they are afflicted with a compulsive reverence which manifests itself in increasing defiance of parental license and revolt against established social, honourable and behavioral norms. On the slightest assumption they take to the streets, indulging in violence and destruction. They want to attract attention to themselves through unconventional behaviour and clothes. A majority of them have fallen victims to self-pity, mister med as alienation. They are becoming a generation of drug addicts and have developed an aversion to honest, hard work, ever on the lookout to have something for nothing. It is no womb-to-tomb anxiou s youth going forth into a hostile world.Now, it is hostile youth going forth into an anxious world, which is not sure, what to expect from it. This is a tremendous list of charges and it will require an army of psychologists to ascertain the truth of the allegations made and to analyze the erratic behaviour patterns referred to. But even from the laymans summit of view, the indictment appears to be patently one-sided. It betrays a lack of sympathetic understanding and realistic appreciation of the dilemma in which the younger generation visits itself today. If we come to count on of it,it is not that only the younger generation is whole step restless. As a matter of fact, human society itself is in a state of flux. And that is not a recent development. A profound change has been coming over it for the last quarter of a century. It started with those who had fought in the Second world War. They had been brought up in an standard pressure impregnated by conformism. But afterwa rd they had borne the brunt of fighting for seven long years, their outlook was radically changed.They came to acquire a rather equivocal attitude towards established authority as also towards long-accepted social mores and codes of conduct. They had seen the stopping point and destruction molded by the war. It diminished their respect for the wisdom of old age because it was the old mentheir fatherswho had started the war. The catastrophes of death and destruction, which had visited the world twice in thirty years eloquently, showed that the old had bungled, and that their claims to matur wisdom were false. Then the general erosion of law and order, which is natural in fourth dimensions of war, wrought a profound change in the spirit of the age. An attitude of dissent and irreverence came to replace spontaneous faith and quiet acceptance of the status quo. Thus, it was the old people themselves who sowed the seeds of that arrogance of which they complain so bitterly while discuss ing modern youth.A fast-growing populations has increased to complexities of life in our times and the fantastic proficient progress triggered off by the Second World War. These two factors combined have brought about great socio-political changes during the last three decades, both in the industrialise countries of the west and in the underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa. Growing affluence in the developed societies of the West has generated among the people there a restlessness, which pines for instant rewards. Pursuing the mirage, parents have little time to devote to their children and to properly direct and supervise their activities. The children have all the money they need, and seldom face the need to work for a living. The egress is that they try to attract attention in other ways and seek excitement in drugs and permissiveness. In the underdeveloped countries also, young people are feeling disgruntled because their visions of a happy future are being obliterated either by internal strife or by political opportunism. actually few among such countries are enjoying political stability and even in them, more often than not, it is a particular class which is cornering most of therewards of technological progress. This provokes the young to protest against rampant corruption in society and the denial of social justice. In the circumstances, is it to be wondered at if all talk of dedication to ideals, renewed moral vigour, basic virtues etc. leaves the young cold and unconvinced? They are no longer lively to blindly accept whatever their elders choose to ram crush their throats. They are prone to subject to critical review all the social and political values they are called upon to accept. When they see high-sounding principles invariably being snub for expediency, political leaders deliberately hoodwinking the masses, vested interests being allowed to frustrate the state at every step, corruption common in high places and other gaping differen ces amongst promise and performance, they naturally become cynical and clamour for change. Students form a very important group among the youth of all nations.Like the others in the very(prenominal) age group, they too have ample reason to be dissatisfied with the state of affairs in our educational institutions. Their biggest and most legitimate grievance is that what they learn after putting in so much time, effort and money has very little relevance to the realities of life with which they come face to face after leaving the university. Rather than equipping them to make a honourable living, education appears to be rendering them unemployable. Therefore, it is but natural that they should want to have a regularize in determining what should be taught so that it has some relevance to their future life and its needs. They would no longer tolerate politickers masquerading as teachers. They are not prepared to concede that the educational authorities have also to act as the guardi ans of their morals. They consider themselves quite capable of looking after themselves. If we look at the problems of youth today in the light of foregoing, it will be apparent that it is not the young alone who are to blame for the state of mind in which we give away them.They may well be charged with being ignorant of what they want. But they surely know what they do not want. Theirs is a movement of protest against imposition and lack of integrity in their elders, an expression of moral revulsion against corruption in society. Students are up in arms against displays of hollow pedantry and alienated knowledge in educational institutions, the lack of living contact mingled with students and teachers, and the unresponsiveness of the whole educational system to the need for change. The young are protesting against the difference between themyth and reality of the society in which they are growing. Evidently, this concern for the future and this anxiety to rescue life from hypoc risy is very laudable indeed. But it cannot be said that the young are all the time guided by such high purpose, or that their choice of methods is always happy. Dissent is necessaryin fact obligatory, when things go wrong. But when it descends from the verbal level to the physical, it invites tragedy.Violence comes natural to youth. The young, supremely sure that the authority against which they are up in arms is partial and oppressive, and feeling certain of the correctness of their own stand, react emotionally. The intensity of their feelings is such that it fills them with hatred and they turn to violence. Those who advocate taking to the streets to give vent to feelings of grievance plead that no one pays attention to words any longer. But this way of thinking is dangerous. Violence is an expression of intolerance. As the President of the Yale University said some time ago, the ugliness of the radical is no different from the ugliness of the reactionary. Both share the sin of arrogance, which is the enemy of freedom. In a general unleashing of violence, dissent is the first casualty.On the whole, the younger generation today is much misunderstood and more maligned than it deserves. The world, which it is going to inherit, will be immensely more exciting than the world of its predecessors ever was or could be. At the same time, life will present to it a much bigger and far more complex challenge. It would not do to condemn it and find fault with it that is easy enough. What is really important is that it is treated with understanding so that it can develop its faculties to reshape the world it is going to inherit in harmony with its noblest vision.

How valid is the view that, “in the period 1796-1870 the most serious barrier to political change in Italy was widespread apathy among the people?

In 1871 Italy became a unified nation, however in the period of 1796-1870 at that place were many barriers, which prevented the political transmit in Italy. The widespread apathy of the people certainly did effect the junction of Italy, however at that place were other barriers such as the foreign influences of Austria, the un-organisation of the revolts and the fact that at the root the Risorgimento was more for the elitist class. So it is not validated to distinguish that apathy was the most serious barrier as at that place were other factors that together made it difficult for Italy to become united.One factor that was particularly influential was the index number Austria has over Italy. Austria was a major top executive at this time with a large empire. During this period there were a number of revolutions across Europe. Austria and Russia were both conservative monarchists that were determined to suppress any nationalistic movements as possible as they were worried ab out the spread of revolutions affecting their own countries.Austria spread its influence in Italy by installing members of the Austrian imperial family, the Hasbburgs, to rule in many Italian states. This was used for a more pro-Austrian spatial relation and a less patriotic nationalistic attitude to their own country Italy of 1815 was basically under control of the Austrians. Metternich said at the time Italy is only a geographical expression. It is clear that Austria were a major influence and helped to prevent Italy from developing its own identity thus preventing unification- which was Austrias main aim.It is true to say that Austria exerting its power over Italy does show the apathy of the people as they didnt seem to do very a good deal about it, or appear to concerned for close to time. Less than 3% of Italians spoke Italian, and as colloquy wasnt very good it was hard for Italy to feel like one unified country as they were so separated. Peoples sense of pride was what w as missing in Italy. People were very attached to their own particular constituent and in a sense were not affected by what happened in other areas of Italy, especially the north-south divide.It could be argued that this un-communication between different areas of Italy proves that apathy among the people did prevent unification, as the Italians were obviously not prepared for it. nevertheless if the government gave the public a reason to be proud and patriotic, and given them a sense of consent they probably would have reacted and been more unified.In fact not all Italians did have this apathetic attitude towards unification. There were attempts of revolutions in 1820 and 1831, but the force of the Austrians easily crushed these attempts. The Carbonari (1820s) were a secret society attempting change but didnt work as there were too few of them. There are as well examples in radical democrats such as Garibaldi and Mazzini that played a big part in the unification solve as they really believed in it and managed to spread the message more too the masses.This was another barrier to political change that there was shrimpy support for the attempts at revolution. This was to do with the fact that the Italian people has been take to believe that democracy was a thing to be feared, and unification may make Italy worse. Also during the beginning the Risorgimento was more of an elitist phenomenon, where only people of education and urban centres could get to hear about it. There was likewise a lack of co-ordination and confusion between the different ideologies that proved to make revolutions difficult.The Italian public were also unsure of what type of Italy would result after a revolution has taken place. There was particularism between some Italians and their own states as they may have felt they were better off not unified as it may change things in a way they didnt like.Before the Crimean war (1854-56) there seemed to be little chance of Italian unification as the country was so divided and controlled so greatly by Austria. The Crimean war changed a lot of things in Europe. The war was the resultant reason for the two major powers of Austria and Russia to tell on their alliance. Russia was humiliated in the war and was un-supported by Austria. Russia felt like it had been denied to be seen as the major power that it was.Russia therefore was un-supportive of Austria and changed its policy, having been before quite conservative, to an attitude favourable of change. With the weakened force of Austria and its plight to prevent elected states, people like Garibaldi creating a new found patriotic atmosphere among Italians, by 1871 Italy was unified.Overall it is valid to say that the apathy of the Italian people was a barrier to political change. In some slipway the apathy of the people was not just because they werent bothered but because the majority did not receive info about the Risorgimento till quite late. However it is more the f oreign opposition of Austria that was more of a mesomorphic prevention to change that affected the unification process more than the apathy of the people. It was partly due to the domino effect the Austrian influence had that did help to encourage the apathy of the people, as Austrians were so desperate to subject nationalism they managed to help prevent Italians from feeling a belonging to a country.

Discrimination of African Americans in Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow

The New Jim crowing Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander, is a book ab extinct the divergence of Afri drive go forth Americans in todays society. One of Alexanders of import points is the War on Drugs and how junior African American males be targeted and arrested referable to racial profiling. Racial profiling, discrimination, and sequestration is non as popular as it accustomd to be during the civilian War, however, Michelle Alexander digs deeper, telltale(a) the truth about our govern ment and the racial scandal in the prison dodgings.She writes, in major cities wracked by the drug war, as many as 80 per centum of young African American men now require criminal records and ar thus subject to legalized discrimination for the rest of their lives. These young men argon get out of a growing undercaste, permanently locked up and locked out of mainstream society. (Alexander pg. 7) In our nation today, we b atomic number 18ly think of discrimination as creation a big issue, alone Alexander shows that our prison systems be proof of discrimination.Other studies jock support this by saying that, African Americans shamble up 57 percent of the people in state prisons for drug offenses. This colorblindness has become a part of our daily lives. We can non see how some(prenominal) our nation is affected by racial discrimination until we level and actu eachy listen to those who afford fallen victim of being placed in prison out-of-pocket to their skin color. Not scarcely argon African Americans racially profiled, they are also punished much worse than Caucasians by being sentenced longer in prisons and losing all of their rights once they are released fanny into society.As if it is not bad enough, being in prison for many years and having a felon label tattooed on their foreheads, colored people are exiled from everyday life. They can not vote, they can not buy a house, they can not ferment in many places, they can not have a shape life. They are looked at differently by society in turn putting them in a racial caste system, part we go about our lives over looking this cumulation imprisonment. If I were to ask, Is racism current in the cosmos today? Many Caucasians would say no, while African Americans would say yes. This is due to the fact that we are all colorblind. The worst part of this mass incarceration is that African Americans who have been placed in prison and are now free have no voice. They are unable to protest against this repellent system because they have no rights. Thus making them go back to their old ways, because it is what they know, therefore creating a cycle of mass incarceration. So how do we as a nation stop this disgusting system?Noel Sheppard, the Associate editor of NewsBusters, wrote an article on Oprah Winfreys interview with Will Gompertz from BBC on racism. Sheppard wrote that Oprahs view is that, its older black-and-blue people that are the pr oblem, and once they die, racism nullify. The problem with this is that families keep traditions, and they are loyal to each other, so if the grandfather is racial then his children are most likely going to be racist, so on and so forth. This is not true for all families, however it is for most.Let us just say those points of view are a generational curse that should be stopped, but that is not the solution to stop the war on drugs and the racism that tags along. Neill Franklin, a Baltimore ex-police officer who is Executive Director of Law Enforcement against Prohibition, asked a question as he was being interviewed with Judith chocolate-brown Dianas, Co-Director of the Advancement Project by Roland Martin, What part of our current policies of drug prohibition are working? Do we have less crime, less addiction place, less disease, less overdose rates?He goes on to say, No, none of it is working and the only solution to ending the drug war is to end the prohibition of drugs, th at style legalization. This is a good point, however, then it would be a tax issue on the drugs, and there would be more problems making bills to allow people of a certain age to use them, how much you can and can not have at one time, etc.. and then the whole racism problem would not be stopped, yet again because people are still going to nuisance those privileges and African Americans exit still be the primary target.The only way to end this issue is timber by step. In Michelle Alexanders conclusion, she goes on to say that, What we need is an Underground Railroad for people coming out of our prisons to bring them back into society, instead of permanently stigmatizing and marginalizing a whole underclass numbering the millions. I pair with her. We need to help those who are out of prison due to being victim of mass incarceration become normal, fighting(a) citizens of the United states.Discrimination of African Americans in Michelle Alexanders The New Jim CrowThe New Jim Cr ow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander, is a book about the discrimination of African Americans in todays society. One of Alexanders main points is the War on Drugs and how young African American males are targeted and arrested due to racial profiling. Racial profiling, discrimination, and segregation is not as popular as it used to be during the Civil War, however, Michelle Alexander digs deeper, revealing the truth about our government and the racial scandal in the prison systems.She writes, in major cities wracked by the drug war, as many as 80 percent of young African American men now have criminal records and are thus subject to legalized discrimination for the rest of their lives. These young men are part of a growing undercaste, permanently locked up and locked out of mainstream society. (Alexander pg. 7) In our nation today, we hardly think of discrimination as being a big issue, but Alexander shows that our prison systems are proof of dis crimination.Other studies help support this by saying that, African Americans make up 57 percent of the people in state prisons for drug offenses. This colorblindness has become a part of our daily lives. We can not see how much our nation is affected by racism until we stop and actually listen to those who have fallen victim of being placed in prison due to their skin color. Not only are African Americans racially profiled, they are also punished much worse than Caucasians by being sentenced longer in prisons and losing all of their rights once they are released back into society.As if it is not bad enough, being in prison for many years and having a felon label tattooed on their foreheads, colored people are exiled from everyday life. They can not vote, they can not buy a house, they can not work in many places, they can not have a normal life. They are looked at differently by society in turn putting them in a racial caste system, while we go about our lives over looking this ma ss incarceration. If I were to ask, Is racism current in the world today?Many Caucasians would say no, while African Americans would say yes. This is due to the fact that we are all colorblind. The worst part of this mass incarceration is that African Americans who have been placed in prison and are now free have no voice. They are unable to protest against this terrible system because they have no rights. Thus making them go back to their old ways, because it is what they know, therefore creating a cycle of mass incarceration. So how do we as a nation stop this disgusting system?Noel Sheppard, the Associate Editor of NewsBusters, wrote an article on Oprah Winfreys interview with Will Gompertz from BBC on racism. Sheppard wrote that Oprahs view is that, its older white people that are the problem, and once they die, racism end. The problem with this is that families keep traditions, and they are loyal to each other, so if the grandfather is racist then his children are most likely going to be racist, so on and so forth. This is not true for all families, however it is for most.Let us just say those points of view are a generational curse that should be stopped, but that is not the solution to stop the war on drugs and the racism that tags along. Neill Franklin, a Baltimore ex-police officer who is Executive Director of Law Enforcement against Prohibition, asked a question as he was being interviewed with Judith Brown Dianas, Co-Director of the Advancement Project by Roland Martin, What part of our current policies of drug prohibition are working? Do we have less crime, less addiction rates, less disease, less overdose rates?He goes on to say, No, none of it is working and the only solution to ending the drug war is to end the prohibition of drugs, that means legalization. This is a good point, however, then it would be a tax issue on the drugs, and there would be more problems making bills to allow people of a certain age to use them, how much you can and ca n not have at one time, etc.. and then the whole racism problem would not be stopped, yet again because people are still going to abuse those privileges and African Americans will still be the primary target.The only way to end this issue is step by step. In Michelle Alexanders conclusion, she goes on to say that, What we need is an Underground Railroad for people coming out of our prisons to bring them back into society, instead of permanently stigmatizing and marginalizing a whole underclass numbering the millions. I agree with her. We need to help those who are out of prison due to being victim of mass incarceration become normal, active citizens of the United states.

How Earth Supports Life Essay

Basically, body politic is not the scarce planet that supports animation. In a broader finger, Earth is the only planet cap sufficient of supporting thickening bread and butter forms. Other planets and their moons can sustain life such as that of bacteria but only the Earth can constitute evolution into more than complex species. Major components that sustain life are water and oxygen and only Earth has an copious supply of both. Futuristic views point to Mars as another planet which is capable of sustaining life because it is able to sustain life for bacteria and there are traces of water and oxygen.However, one problem is that all water on Mars is frozen in its polar ice caps. Earth is the only planet that is strategically positioned wherein water can remain in its liquid state in order to sustain life (Springboard Magazine). The Earth also has the right temperature levels. Mercury and Venus are too close to the Sun that the awake would make it impossible to sustain life . Also, there is no sign of water on the planet. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are positioned way too far from the Sun resulting in extremely cold temperatures which makes it impossible for humanitys or any other life forms to survive.On the other hand, Jupiter and Saturn are formed from gas. Hydrogen, methane and helium make up the atmosphere of these two planets. They have no oxygen which is essential in sustaining life (Springboard Magazine). The Earths size and position also plays an important factor in the planets ability to preserve life. If the planet is larger, the deplumate of gloom would be greater which would affect the organisms living in the planet in a sense that hydrogen will not be able to escape from the atmosphere.On the other hand, if the pull of gravity was less, oxygen would escape from the atmosphere which would make it impossible to sustain life. The planets rotation stage is also perfect otherwise plant life would not be able to survive (A artificial satelli te Perfect for Life) These are just some of the factors that describe why the Earth is perfect for the sustainability of life, particularly the complex life forms. Although there are discoveries that may prove that there are other planets that may be similar to the Earth that may support life, it is difficult to confirm because of such great distances.Scientists can only make assumptions based on evidence but now, the only planet that is known to sustain human life is the Earth.Works CitedOnly Earth Supports Life. Springboard Magazine. Accessed April 28, 2008, from A Planet Perfect for Life. United church of God. Accessed April 28, 2008, from

Miss: 21st Century and Young People

Fashion is becoming more and more important to young people. However, round show that this has negative impact on young people and on society. Do you agree or disagree?In the 21st century, It is difficult to ignore the immense popularity of fashion, which could be found anywhere and everywhere, on the street, television, internet and magazines. Its influence have extended to younger consumers. However, some argue that this trend has an adverse effect on youngsters and even the whole society. Personally, I agree with this view to some extent.Having appealing appearance help youngsters to express their individuality and build their confidence. Firstly, fashion is a form of art, which changes forever and requires creativity. It inspires these young people to express their personality and taste in a unique way. Without fashion, they miss a sound opportunity of expressing themselves. Secondly, by wearing trendy clothing the way they like, youngsters may feel golden and pleasure mean while, they are more likely to become attractive. As a result, their confidence level could be boosted.This trend also benefits the whole society, namely, creating more job opportunities. Youngsters love for fashion, which is an integral part of their lives, produces numerous vernal job opportunities, related to fashion industry. For instance, a fashion magazine , called Seventeen, is published for young girls who love to limit up with the latest trend. This is helpful to relieve employment pressure, which is extremely severe in the economic recession.Despite of this, it is needful that this trend may distract teenagers from study and generates the social problem of fashion bullying. Firstly, if teenagers involves themselves too much with fashion, they may find it difficult to concentrate on study because there is insufficient time for study. This is especially on-key for those student who are not good at time management. Secondly, youngsters may judge their friends based on thei r clothing, jewelry and hair style. Those students who look unfashionable maybe isolated or even bullied. This indemnification their psychological development.In conclusion, it is advantageous for youngsters to follow fashion however, the disadvantages should not be ignored. The school and parents should guide young enceinte to view fashion in a appropriate way.

Critique of the Ethical Issue Essay

E precise profession is subject to diverse honourable considerations. In response, professions present code of conduct to their employees to guide their behavior in the organization. Formal ethical training is also held to practice the employees aw atomic number 18 of antithetic ethical discharges. Ethical decision making litigate enable the workforce to handle every ethical issue and pr lawsuits them from making any ethical lapses whatsoever. US health cargon system comprises many branches that cater unique health related services to clients. Furthermore the health sustentation is split into a hierarchical setup which starts from nursing to the top physicians.Each individual related to the US health c atomic number 18 has to undergo a lot of training and education before he/she is all(prenominal)ow to discharge any duty. A fundamental part of this coaching involves ethical training which guides the employees slipway and operator of dealing with different ethical problems. Conflicts faced by the healthc are are of many types. To start with, physicians mould short to work as a team with nurses. Sometimes nurses do non understand their roles and discharge their duties improperly. other(a) kinds of conflicts involve patients. These conflicts arse usually become very serious and can even become illicit in nature. Articulating the ProblemThe ethical conflict that arose in my studies involved a doctor and his patient. Jimmy suffered from mellowed fever and he decided to go to a new doctor, Dr. Bill, as his general physician was let out of town on vacation. Jimmy reported all his conditions to Dr. Bill. Dr. Bill made some notes and then warned him that he might be in fear of suffering from typhoid (a severe form of fever). Jimmy was very shocked to hear this. The doctor further added that it would be better for Jimmy to remain in infirmary care for at least two days before his condition improved. He also asked him to run some tests which would be ne eded to clearly diagnose his sickness.When Jimmy heard of the high amount they were charging him, he was highly shocked and left the clinic. Jimmy called his physician up and informed him of the entire issue. Dr. Andrew told him to go a check-up from another doctor who was his friend. Jimmy went there and after the checkup, he received another surprise upon earreach that the fever was not serious and hed be perfect in two days. He was given some prescription which he was to take. In two days time, Jimmy perfectly recover from his fever and, by then, realized how Dr. Bill had tried to deceive him into getting the tests and hospital care in order to make more money.The event is, by all means, shocking and unethical. Dr. Bill and those of his like are ruining the sanctity of the aesculapian profession by converting it into any other business profession. It is certainly not unethical to offer your services and expertise to others in return for money. However, intimidating patients b y telling them of symptoms which, in fact, they do not possess is certainly very unethical. This trend is quickly spreading everywhere, especially online. by and by doing some research, the author found that there are many health care services which are presently being offered online.Though some of these setups are highly professional in nature and offer very effective services online, the rest are merely scammers. Whats more problematic is that individuals do not know how expert the physician is in his/her respective field. Looked at it this way, were all in a big risk whenever we decide to get ourselves checked up from a new doctor. As far as the scammers are concerned, their deceptive marketing campaigns allure the sick and the injured into asking for help. They make false claims that their products will change their lives or make them better.By the time the poor people come about out that theyve been deceived, it is too late to do anything because such institutions and individ uals protect themselves through different legislations of the law. Gathering entropy After thorough research and data collection, the author has come up with avocation important ways of checking the credentials as well as ratings of a physician along with ways of preventing health care frauds. 1. Information about doctors experience and training is obtained from his office or local medical checkup society in which the doctor is a member. 2.There are some state licensing boards that also issue information about disciplinary actions taken against a particular physician. However, it is not very easy to get information from there. 3. American Medical Associations AMA Physicians Select offers information on training and documentation of all the medical and osteopathic physicians who are currently holding a license in the US. However, disciplinary actions are not included with them. 4. American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) Certified Doctor Verification Service can also be utili zed to check whether the physician is certified by one or the 24 recognized specialty boards.The service is free of charge. 5. Googling out for more info is also not a bad idea. You will find several options wherein to check the report/credibility of a physician. 6. There are several government sources which may be used to obtain information relating to disciplinary action. Of these, the two or so important sources are the National Practitioner data Bank and the Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Bank. 7. Many clinics and hospitals also offer options to check their doctors credentials. However, this is not a good idea because hospitals would never soften that any one of their doctors is of low quality.Exploring Strategies It is, indeed, very difficult to carve a strategy that would clearly localize and tackle the above situation. Practical issues of these kinds are indeed very different from theoretical knowledge that is offered in books. However, following procedures may help prevent such situations in future. From Professions perspective 1. Establishing a federal committee on healthcare fraud prevention, and having it carry out a detailed wipe-out of all such fraudulent institutions and individuals 2. Exercise rigorous ethical training program, stressing the consequences of deceiving and holding the truth in the medical profession3. Conducting regular external audits on different health care facilities, with an aim to identify the scammers 4. publicise and penalizing doctors who conduct such activities From Patients Perspective 1. Organizing a wide marketing campaign instructing the individuals to be wary of such scammers 2. Avoiding new doctors 3. Fixing the medical charges offered at various institutions, so the competition is not price-based but quality based. 4. Having another review with another physician if instructed to undergo very expensive treatment. Implementing the schemeIn order to implement the above discussed strategy, the followin g needs to be done 1. Give the event a wide coverage on popular media 2. Create mass-awareness through the media 3. Instruct masses to turn away online health care facilities as much as possible unless they know the physician personally. 4. Write to the American Medical Association and other medical authorities, asking them to address the issue on federal level. 5. increase word-of-mouth, and making all such frauds public 6. Conducting nation-wide survey of physicians credentials Evaluating the Outcomes Implementing the above strategy would have the following pros and consPros 1. Efficient and appropriate health care only by physicians who have sound credentials and ratings 2. lesser frauds and scams in the health care 3. Better opportunities for physicians whove worked their way up 4. An overall better impact on the health of US nationals 5. Better medical infrastructure Cons 1. High investment is required to create the mass-awareness 2. It is not possible to identify every physic ian who is conducting fraud 3. It is difficult to decide whether a physician is canvass a patient sincerely or not as different physicians come up with different diagnosis measuresREFERENCES Percival, Thomas. Medical ethics. (pp. 4957) from http//books. google. com/books? id=yVUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=medical+ethics&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1PPA52,M1. Walter, Klein (ed). The Story of Bioethics From seminal whole shebang to contemporary explorations Jordan, M. C. (1998). Ethics manual. Fourth edition. American College of Physicians (pp. 23-30) Beauchamp, Tom L. , Childress, James F. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York Oxford University Press. Margaret A. Burkhardt, Alvita Nathaniel (2007) Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing